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One of the earliest forms of long-distance communications is the smoke signal. It’s a visible communication method that can be used for communication over for char-broil gas grills (www.msasolutions.com) long distances. In general , smoke signals are used to relay information, to signal danger or to unite people in an area of common interest. In order to warn each other of imminent danger soldiers from the Great Wall in ancient China sent smoke signals to beacon towers. The color of the smoke signified the magnitude of the invader’s party. The beacon towers could be placed at regular intervals and each tower could include one soldier. This would allow messages to be communicated over the 7,300 km of Wall. Smoke signals also alerted the castles in the inner areas of the attack by allowing them to coordinate defence and garrison that was supporting troops. In ancient Sri Lanka, soldiers stationed on the mountain peaks would alert each other of imminent attacks from enemies (from English people, Dutch people or Portuguese people) through signals from peak to peak. They were able transmit an alert to the King in a matter of hours. The 8th century BCE was the time of the decline of the Western Zhou Dynasty due to misuse of the smoke signal. To amuse his lover Bao Si, King You of Zhou employed false warning beacons to fool his warlords. Around 150 BCE Polybius the Greek historian devised a more complicated system of smoke signals for the alphabet that changed Greek alphabetic characters into numeral characters. This enabled messages to be instantly signalled through torches that were that were held in pairs. This idea, also known as the «Polybius Square» can be used to create cryptography or steganography. This cryptographic concept has been utilized by Japanese Hiragana as well as the Germans during the latter period of the First World War. North American indigenous peoples also communicated via smoke signal. Each tribe had its own signaling system and understanding. The signaler would ignite the fire in an elevated position with damp grass. This would cause smoke to rise. As the grass dried, it was removed and a new bundle was placed on the fire. According to legend, the smell of smoke emanating from the slope sent a message. If it was halfway up the hill, it could indicate that everything was well. However, at the top of the hill it could indicate danger. Smoke signals are still in use even today. The College of Cardinals uses smoke signals to signify the selection of the new Pope, during the conclave of the pope. Cardinals with the right to vote cast secret ballots until someone receives a vote of two-thirds plus one. After each election, the ballots are destroyed. Black smoke indicates an unsuccessful ballot, whereas white smoke signifies that a new Pope was elected. Forces of the military often employ colored smoke grenades in order to identify their positions, particularly during support calls. Smoke signals could also be referring to smoke-producing equipment used to broadcast distress signals. Lewis and Clark mention several instances in their journals, where they used the Native American method to set the plains on fire in order to signal their presence or to invite tribes of the local area to their meetings. Yamanas from South America used smoke signals to communicate messages via fire, such as if a whale landed on the shoreline. In order to ensure that the fish didn’t go to waste the need was for people from all walks of life to be informed. It is possible that they utilized smoke signals at other times as well, and Magellan may have seen such fires which inspired him to create Tierra del Fuego. However it is possible that he also experienced natural phenomena, or seen smoke. The Cape Town Noon Gun was used to establish marine chronometers at Table Bay, primarily because of the smoke it produced. Smoke signals were utilized by Aboriginal Australians across Australia for different purposes. Sometimes they’d notify people of their presence. This was especially true when entering lands which were not their native lands. Smoke signals were used to refer to whites that were in the area. They were also utilized to rapidly send messages. Smoke signals were used to inform of hostile tribes or arrange for hunting parties of the same tribe. The signal could come emanating from a fixed watchpoint at the ridge or tribal band members who moved around. The smoke that was used to convey information varied in colour, often black, white or blue depending on the kind of material being burned. The shape of the smoke may be an arc, ball, or smoke rings. The message could contain the names of the tribesmen. Signals may be misinterpreted as with other methods of communication. One instance was when an answer to a smoke signal translated to «We are coming» was misinterpreted as a sign of support for the tribe. In reality, it was an individual hunting party coming together after an unsuccessful hunt. Modern aviation has made skywriting possible. Ivan, Djordjevic (2010). Coding for Optical Channels. Du, Yumin; Chen, Wenwu; Cui, Kai; Guo, Zhiqian; Wu, Guopeng; Ren, Xiaofeng (2021-02-16). «An examination of the military defense system at the Ming Great Wall in Qinghai Province From the perspective of castle-based military settlements.» Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences. Knox, Robert. Historical Relationships of Ceylon. Sima Qian. The Grand Historian’s Record. Extracts from the following book. E. Lucas Bridges: Uttermost regions of the Earth. Indians of Tierra del Fuego. National Archives of Australia. Idriess, Ion L (1953). The Red Chief. Idriess, Ion L (1937). Over the Range. Gusinde, Martin (1966). Nordwind-Sudwind. Mythen und Marchen der Feuerlandindianer (in German). Itsz, Rudolf (1979). «A kihunyt tuzek foldje». Napkove. Neprajzi elbeszelesek (in Hungarian). Budapest: Mora Konyvkiado. pp. 93-112. Translation: It’s R.F. 1974). Kamen’ solntsa (in Russian). Leningrad: Detskaya Literatura. The title is «Stone of Sun» and the chapter is «The Land of Burnt-Out Fires». Myers, Fred (1986). Pintupi Country and Pintupi Self.